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Hvitløk

Hvitløk har blitt brukt i folkemedisinen i flere tusen år. Det blir foreslått brukt mot blant annet forkjølelse, høyt blodtrykk og åreforkalkning. I denne artikkelen kan du lese om effekt og mulige bivirkninger.

Hvitløk er populært - både til matlaging og i folkemedisinen.

Sist oppdatert:

14. nov. 2019

Dette dokumentet er basert på det profesjonelle dokumentet Plantebaserte produkter . Referanselisten for dette dokumentet vises nedenfor

  1. Fleiner HF. Roland PDH. Plantebaserte produkter - hva vet vi? Utposten 2017; 46(2): 52-4. Publisert: 17.03.2017. Nettside besøkt 17.09.2019.
  2. Cecilia Nwadiuto Amadi, Orish Ebere Orisakwe. Herb-Induced Liver Injuries in Developing Nations: An Update. Toxics 2018; 6: 24. doi:10.3390/toxics6020024 DOI
  3. European Food Safety Authority: EFSA assesses safety of green tea catechins. 18 April 2018. Nettsiden besøkt 17.09.2019.
  4. Victor Navarro, Ikhlas Khan, Einar Björnsson, et al.. Liver Injury from Herbal and Dietary Supplements. Hepatology 2016; 65: 363-73. pmid:27677775 PubMed
  5. National Institutes of Health. Drug record. Herbal and dietary supplements. Nettsiden besøkt 17.09.2019. livertox.nih.gov
  6. Christine Helle, Anne Kristi Sommer, Per Vidar Syversen, Fredrik Lauritzen. Dopingmidler i kosttilskudd. Tidsskr Nor Legeforen 2019. doi:10.4045/tidsskr.18.0502 DOI
  7. Mattilsynet tilsynsrapport: Kosttilskudd kan inneholde ulovlige og helsefarlige stoffer. Nettside sist endret 30.11.2012. Nettside besøkt 17.09.2019. www.mattilsynet.no
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  9. Vermeulen H, Ubbink DT, Goossens A, de Vos R, Legemate DA, Westerbos SJ. Dressings and topical agents for surgical wounds healing by secondary intention. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2004, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD003554. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003554.pub2 DOI
  10. Zheng G, Yang L, Chen H, Chu J, Mei L. Aloe vera for prevention and treatment of infusion phlebitis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 6. Art. No.: CD009162. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009162.pub2 DOI
  11. Thongprasom K, Carrozzo M, Furness S, Lodi G. Interventions for treating oral lichen planus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 7. Art. No.: CD001168. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001168.pub2 DOI
  12. Feily A, Namazi MR. Aloe vera in dermatology: a brief review. G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 2009; 144: 85-91. pmid:19218914 PubMed
  13. Nasjonalt forskningssenter innen komplementær og alternativ medisin. Amygdalin/ aprikoskjerner/ B17. Publisert 05.12.2017. Nettsiden besøkt 17.09.2019. nafkam.no
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  17. Tacklind J, MacDonald R, Rutks I, Stanke JU, Wilt TJ. Serenoa repens for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 12. Art. No.: CD001423. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001423.pub3 DOI
  18. Solhaug V, Nergård CS. Interaksjoner mellom warfarin og naturmidler. Tidsskr Nor Legeforen 2010; 130: 1252-4. doi:10.4045/tidsskr.09.0834 DOI
  19. Zeng X, Liu M, Yang Y, Li Y, Asplund K. Ginkgo biloba for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD003691. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003691.pub2 DOI
  20. Nicolaï SPA, Kruidenier LM, Bendermacher BLW, Prins MH, Stokmans RA, Broos PPHL, Teijink JAW. Ginkgo biloba for intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 6. Art. No.: CD006888. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006888.pub3 DOI
  21. Hilton MP, Zimmermann EF, Hunt WT. Ginkgo biloba for tinnitus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD003852. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003852.pub3 DOI
  22. He D, Zhang Y, Dong S, Wang D, Gao X, Zhou H. Pharmacological treatment for memory disorder in multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 12. Art. No.: CD008876. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008876.pub3 DOI
  23. Farinotti M, Vacchi L, Simi S, Di Pietrantonj C, Brait L, Filippini G. Dietary interventions for multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 12. Art. No.: CD004192. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004192.pub3 DOI
  24. Evans JR. Ginkgo biloba extract for age-related macular degeneration. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD001775. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001775.pub2 DOI
  25. Birks J, Grimley Evans J. Ginkgo biloba for cognitive impairment and dementia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD003120. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003120.pub3 DOI
  26. Tan MS, Yu JT, Tan CC, et al. Efficacy and adverse effects of ginkgo biloba for cognitive impairment and dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 43: 589-603. pmid:25114079 PubMed
  27. Nasjonalt forskningssenter innen komplementær og alternativ medisin. Ginkgo. Pubilsert 05.12.2017. Nettsiden besøkt 17.09.2019. nafkam.no
  28. Geng J, Dong J, Ni H, Lee MS, Wu T, Jiang K, Wang G, Zhou AL, Malouf R. Ginseng for cognition. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 12. Art. No.: CD007769. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007769.pub2 DOI
  29. Trc - naural medicines: Panax ginseng. Sist oppdatet 01.04.2019. Nettsiden besøkt 17.09.2019. naturalmedicines.therapeuticresearch.com
  30. Hartley L, Flowers N, Holmes J, Clarke A, Stranges S, Hooper L, Rees K. Green and black tea for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 6. Art. No.: CD009934. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009934.pub2 - See more at: http://summaries.cochrane.org/CD009934/green-and-black-tea-to-prevent-cardiovascular-disease#sthash.XqU001NB.dpuf The Cochrane Library
  31. Boehm K, Borrelli F, Ernst E, Habacher G, Hung SK, Milazzo S, Horneber M. Green tea (Camellia sinensis) for the prevention of cancer. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD005004. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005004.pub2 DOI
  32. Jurgens TM, Whelan AM, Killian L, Doucette S, Kirk S, Foy E. Green tea for weight loss and weight maintenance in overweight or obese adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 12. Art. No.: CD008650. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008650.pub2 DOI
  33. Natural Medicines. Green tea. Nettside sist oppdatert 03. april 2019, besøkt 18.09.19. Nettsiden krever innlogging naturalmedicines.therapeuticresearch.com
  34. Zorofchian Moghadamtousi S, Abdul Kadir H, Hassandarvish P, et al. A Review on Antibacterial, Antiviral, and Antifungal Activity of Curcumin. Biomed Res Int 2014. pmid:24877064 PubMed
  35. Natural Medicines. Turmeric. Sist oppdatert: 11. august 2019, nettsiden besøkt 18.09.19. Nettsiden krever innlogging. naturalmedicines.therapeuticresearch.com
  36. RELIS: Alvorlige leverbivirkninger kobles til kosttilskuddet Fortodol. Publisert 26.02.2009, nettsiden besøkt 18.09.19.
  37. Pittler MH, Ernst E. Horse chestnut seed extract for chronic venous insufficiency. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 11. Art. No.: CD003230. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003230.pub4 DOI
  38. Methlie CB, Schjøtt J. Hestekastanje - naturlegemiddel mot venøs insufficiens. Tidsskr Nor Legeforen 2009; 129: 420-2. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening
  39. Oduwole O, Udoh EE, Oyo‐Ita A, Meremikwu MM. Honey for acute cough in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD007094. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007094.pub5. DOI
  40. Norman G, Christie J, Liu Z, Westby MJ, Jefferies JM, Hudson T, Edwards J, Mohapatra DP, Hassan IA, Dumville JC. Antiseptics for burns. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 7. Art. No.: CD011821. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011821.pub2. DOI
  41. O'Meara S, Al‐Kurdi D, Ologun Y, Ovington LG, Martyn‐St James M, Richardson R. Antibiotics and antiseptics for venous leg ulcers. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD003557. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003557.pub5. DOI
  42. Tirado DJ, Hudson NR, Maldonado CJ. Efficacy of medical grade honey against multidrug-resistant organisms of operational significance: part I. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2014; 77: S204-7. pmid:25159357 PubMed
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  44. Lissiman E, Bhasale AL, Cohen M. Garlic for the common cold. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD006206. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006206.pub3 DOI
  45. Stabler SN, Tejani AM, Huynh F, Fowkes C. Garlic for the prevention of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertensive patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 8. Art. No.: CD007653. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007653.pub2 DOI
  46. Jepson RG, Kleijnen J, Leng GC. Garlic for peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD000095. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000095.pub2 DOI
  47. Matportalen.no (Mattilsynet): Spørsmål og svar om gravide og ingefær. Publisert: 15.08.2019, nettsiden besøkt 19.09.19. www.matportalen.no
  48. Matthews A, Haas DM, O'Mathúna DP, Dowswell T, Doyle M. Interventions for nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD007575. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007575.pub3 DOI
  49. Marx WM, Teleni L, McCarthy AL, et al. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) and chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: a systematic literature review. Nutr Rev 2013; 71: 245-54. pmid:23550785 PubMed
  50. Ernst E, Pittler MH. Efficacy of ginger for nausea and vomiting: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Br J Anaesth 2000; 84: 367-71. pmid:10793599 PubMed
  51. Oltean H, Robbins C, van Tulder MW, Berman BM, Bombardier C, Gagnier JJ. Herbal medicine for low-back pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 12. Art. No.: CD004504. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004504.pub4. DOI
  52. Norsk Legemiddelbok: L16.5.9.1 Kapsaicin. Sist oppdatert 19.06.17, nettsiden besøkt 18.09.19. www.legemiddelhandboka.no
  53. Ker K, Edwards PJ, Felix LM, Blackhall K, Roberts I. Caffeine for the prevention of injuries and errors in shift workers. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 5. Art. No.: CD008508. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008508 DOI
  54. Derry CJ, Derry S, Moore RA. Caffeine as an analgesic adjuvant for acute pain in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 12. Art. No.: CD009281. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009281.pub3. DOI
  55. Welsh EJ, Bara A, Barley E, Cates CJ. Caffeine for asthma. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD001112. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001112.pub2 DOI
  56. Henderson-Smart DJ, Steer PA. Caffeine versus theophylline for apnea in preterm infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD000273. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000273.pub2 DOI
  57. Jahanfar S, Jaafar SH. Effects of restricted caffeine intake by mother on fetal, neonatal and pregnancy outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 6. Art. No.: CD006965. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006965.pub4. DOI
  58. Hinkle S, Laughon S, Catov J, et al. First trimester coffee and tea intake and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a study within a national birth cohort. BJOG 2014. pmid:24947484 PubMed
  59. Matportalen.no (Helsedirektoratet): Råd til spesielle grupper: Gravide. Sist endret 16.08.19. Nettsiden besøkt 18.09.2019. www.matportalen.no
  60. Bodar V, Chen J, Gaziano JM, et al. Coffee Consumption and Risk of Atrial Fibrillation in the Physicians' Health Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 8: e011346. pmid:31378120 PubMed
  61. Marcus GM, Rosenthal DG, Nah G, et al. Acute Effects of Coffee Consumption on Health among Ambulatory Adults. N Engl J Med. 2023;388(12):1092-1100. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2204737 DOI
  62. Ferrucci LM, Cartmel B, Molinaro AM, et al. Tea, coffee, and caffeine and early-onset basal cell carcinoma in a case-control study. Eur J Cancer Prev 2014; 23: 296-302. pmid:24841641 PubMed
  63. Loftfield E, Freedman ND, Graubard BI, et al. Coffee Drinking and Cutaneous Melanoma Risk in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2015. pmid:25604135 PubMed
  64. Chen S, Teoh NC, Chitturi S, Farrell GC. Coffee and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: brewing evidence for hepatoprotection?. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 29: 435-41. pmid:24199670 PubMed
  65. Tamura T, Hishida A, Wakai K. Coffee consumption and liver cancer risk in Japan: a meta-analysis of six prospective cohort studies. Nagoya J Med Sci 2019; 81: 143-150. pmid:30962663 PubMed
  66. Bravi F, Bosetti C, Tavani A, et al. Coffee reduces risk for hepatocellular carcinoma: an updated meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 11: 1413-1421. pmid:23660416 PubMed
  67. Bhupathiraju SN, Pan A, Manson JE, et al. Changes in coffee intake and subsequent risk of type 2 diabetes: three large cohorts of US men and women.. Diabetologia 2014; 57: 1346-54. pmid:24771089 PubMed
  68. Munoz DG1, Fujioka S. Caffeine and Parkinson disease: A possible diagnostic and pathogenic breakthrough.. Neurology 2018; 90: 205-6. pmid:29298853 PubMed
  69. Lucas M, O'Reilly EJ, Pan A, et al . Coffee, caffeine, and risk of completed suicide: Results from three prospective cohorts of American adults. World J Biol Psychiatry 2013. pmid:23819683 PubMed
  70. Rebello SA, van Dam RM.. Coffee consumption and cardiovascular health: getting to the heart of the matter. Curr Cardiol Rep 2013; 15: 403. pmid:23990273 PubMed
  71. Ried K, Fakler P, Stocks NP. Effect of cocoa on blood pressure. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD008893. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008893.pub3. DOI
  72. Fukui PT, Gonçalves TR, Strabelli CG, . Trigger factors in migraine patients. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2008; 66: 494-9. pmid:18813707 PubMed
  73. McKay DL, Blumberg JB. A review of the bioactivity and potential health benefits of chamomile tea (Matricaria recutita L.). Phytother Res 2006; 20: 519-30. pmid:16628544 PubMed
  74. Pittler MH, Ernst E. Kava extract versus placebo for treating anxiety. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2003, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD003383. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003383 DOI
  75. Leach MJ, Moore V. Black cohosh (Cimicifuga spp.) for menopausal symptoms. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 9. Art. No.: CD007244. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007244.pub2 DOI
  76. Nelson EA, Bradley MD. Dressings and topical agents for arterial leg ulcers. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD001836. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001836.pub2. The Cochrane Library
  77. Forrester LT, Maayan N, Orrell M, Spector AE, Buchan LD, Soares-Weiser K. Aromatherapy for dementia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD003150. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003150.pub2. The Cochrane Library
  78. Smith CA, Collins CT, Crowther CA. Aromatherapy for pain management in labour. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 7. Art. No.: CD009215. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009215. DOI
  79. Henley DV, Lipson N, Korach KS, Bloch CA.. Prepubertal gynecomastia linked to lavender and tea tree oils. N Engl J Med 2007; 356: 479-85. pmid:17267908 PubMed
  80. Agosti R, Duke RK, Chrubasik JE, Chrubasik S. Effectiveness of Petasites hybridus preparations in the prophylaxis of migraine: a systematic review. Phytomedicine 2006; 13: 743-6. (Cochrane: DARE) pmid:16987643 PubMed
  81. D'Andrea G, Cevoli S, Cologno D. Herbal therapy in migraine. Neurol Sci 2014; 36: Suppl 1:135-40. doi:24867850
  82. Guo R, Pittler MH, Ernst E. Herbal medicines for the treatment of allergic rhinitis: a systematic review. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2007; 99: 483-95. (Cochrane: DARE) pmid:18219828 PubMed
  83. Miyasaka LS, Atallah ÁN, Soares B. Valerian for anxiety disorders. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD004515. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004515.pub2. DOI
  84. Pinheiro ML, Alcântara CE, de Moraes M, de Andrade ED. Valeriana officinalis L. for conscious sedation of patients submitted to impacted lower third molar surgery: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled split-mouth study. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2014; 6: 109-114. pmid:24741279 PubMed
  85. Kennedy, D. O., Little, W., Haskell, C. F. and Scholey, A. B. (2006), Anxiolytic effects of a combination of Melissa ofcinalis and Valeriana ofcinalis during laboratory induced stress. Phytother. Res., 20: 96–102. doi: 10.1002/ptr.1787 DOI
  86. Hu RF, Jiang XY, Chen J, Zeng Z, Chen XY, Li Y, Huining X, Evans DJW, Wang S. Non‐pharmacological interventions for sleep promotion in the intensive care unit. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 10. Art. No.: CD008808. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008808.pub2. DOI
  87. Posadzki P, Watson LK, Ernst E. Adverse effects of herbal medicines: an overview of systematic reviews. Clin Med 2013; 13: 7-12. pmid:23472485 PubMed
  88. Wider B, Pittler MH, Ernst E. Feverfew for preventing migraine. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD002286. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002286.pub3. DOI
  89. Horneber M, Bueschel G, Huber R, Linde K, Rostock M. Mistletoe therapy in oncology. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD003297. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003297.pub2 DOI
  90. Ernst E, Schmidt K, Steuer-Vogt MK. Mistletoe for cancer? A systematic review of randomised clinical trials.. Int J Cancer 2003; 107: 262-7. pmid:12949804 PubMed
  91. Bamford JTM, Ray S, Musekiwa A, van Gool C, Humphreys R, Ernst E. Oral evening primrose oil and borage oil for eczema. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 11. Art. No.: CD004416. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004416.pub2 DOI
  92. Cameron M, Gagnier JJ, Chrubasik S. Herbal therapy for treating rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD002948. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002948.pub2 DOI
  93. Cochrane DARE: Does the hip powder of Rosa canina (rosehip) reduce pain in osteoarthritis patients: a meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials (Structured abstract)
  94. Linde K, Berner MM, Kriston L. St John's wort for major depression. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD000448. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000448.pub3 DOI
  95. Liu YR, Jiang YL, Huang RQ, et al. Hypericum perforatum L. preparations for menopause: a meta-analysis of efficacy and safety. Climacteric 2013. pmid:24188229 PubMed
  96. Karsch-Völk M, Barrett B, Kiefer D, Bauer R, et al. Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD000530. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000530.pub3 DOI
  97. Vlachojannis JE, Cameron M, Chrubasik S. A systematic review on the sambuci fructus effect and efficacy profiles. Phytother Res 2010; 24: 1-8. pmid:19548290 PubMed
  98. Jepson RG, Williams G, Craig JC. Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 10. Art. No.: CD001321. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001321.pub5 DOI
  99. Stapleton AE, Dziura J, Hooton TM, et al. Recurrent urinary tract infection and urinary Escherichia coli in women ingesting cranberry juice daily: a randomized controlled trial. Mayo Clin Proc 2012; 87: 143-50. pmid:22305026 PubMed
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